Definition and Characteristics of Direct and Indirect Quotations – A quote usually has a definition as a loan of sentences or opinions from authors, experts, experts, or someone who is known as an expert and has influence in a particular field. To get these quotes, some people can find them in books, newspapers, newspapers, magazines, and media in the digital era, namely social media.
Quotations alone can be used to add to and strengthen the truth of a theory. In some cases, the author usually uses quotations to prove the accuracy of the opinion he conveys. Therefore, in using quotations, one is required to include the source of the quotation. In some cases, someone who uses a quote without including a source will be counted as a plagiarist or commonly called plagiarism.
So, until now, there are still many mistakes when making citations in textbooks, scientific papers, to the internet. This article will explain about the meaning of direct quotations and indirect quotations. Not only that, this article also contains information on how to quote properly and correctly, from direct sentences to indirect sentences.
A. Definition of Quotations
From wikipedia Indonesia, a quote can be understood as a repetition of one expression into another expression, moreover when the quoted expression is a well-known quote or can generally be linked to the original source, it can be marked with quotation marks.
Meanwhile, based on the Big Indonesian Dictionary, self-quotation has the meaning of taking one or more from other writings with the aim of illustrating or strengthening the opinion of the original or own writing.
In writing for books or scientific works, the aspect of authenticity or originality is the most important and main thing. The reason is, a book or scientific work is a medium for channeling ideas by someone. This aspect of the originality of a product of thought makes plagiarism or plagiarism prohibited.
Therefore, for writers who want to include opinions originating from other people’s writings in their work, the most common way is to make quotations containing theories made by other writers. Both with indirect quotations and direct quotations.
B. Quotation Function
In general, quotations can have two of the most common functions in writing. The following are two quotation functions that need attention, namely:
1. Supporting Facts
Quotations can be used to support facts, concepts, ideas, ideas, or they can also be used to convey information about data sources and various relevant matters. Quotations used to support facts are usually called reference notes.
2. Provide Additional Explanation
Quotations can also be used to provide additional explanations about a problem or discussion that is being written. This is usually used to explain the definition of terms to be more accurate. The citation function itself is usually called a footnote.
C. Direct And Indirect Quotations
As explained above, there are two ways that are most commonly used by writers in making a quote in their work, namely direct quotation and indirect quotation. The following is an explanation of the two types of citations, including:
1. Definition of direct quote.
Direct quotation can be defined as a way of quoting sentences without changing the original form of the source. Simply put, a regular direct quote has exactly the same form as the original. so here is in accordance or exactly with the original.
Direct quotations themselves can be divided into 2 types, namely:
a. Long Live Quotes
Long direct quotations or commonly known as Blockquotes are the most frequently used types of quotations in various scientific works. Some conditions that must be considered in writing long direct quotations, as follows:
– The American Psychological Association or commonly abbreviated as APA Style states that long direct quotations must exceed 40 words.
– The Modern Language Association or can be abbreviated as MLA Style provides a condition that long direct quotations must exceed 4 lines.
– If an author makes a quote from a reading source up to more than 4 lines, then the sentence that has been quoted can be typed in the next line or paragraph
Based on the above conditions, it can be concluded that the characteristics of long direct quotations are:
– Text using spaces or spacing between lines is more separated from text
– Text can be given tight spacing between lines in quotations.
– Text can be enclosed in quotation marks, but may also not be enclosed in quotation marks.
b. Short Direct Quotes
Short direct quotations can be understood as sentences quoted from reading sources with no more than 4 lines. In short direct quotations, the words included in the quotation become part or continuation of the body of the author’s writing.
In contrast to long direct sentences which must be a new paragraph, short direct quotations do not need to be a new paragraph, just accompanied by a double comma at the top before and after the sentence. Meanwhile, the source of the quote can be typed close to the quoted sentence.
Some of the characteristics of short direct quotations, as follows:
– Directly controlled with text
– The spacing between lines is the same as the text
– Enclosed with 2 commas or quotation marks
– Quotations do not exceed four lines
2. Indirect quotation.
In contrast to direct quotations, indirect quotations can be understood as types of quotations that use return sentences by summarizing sentences or making changes to the language of the original source, but not changing the original meaning of the original quotation.
D. Characteristics of Direct and Indirect Quotations
In a quote that is commonly used in scientific work, there are several characteristics of direct quotations and indirect quotations based on the type. So, here is an explanation of the characteristics of direct and indirect quotations that need attention, including:
1. Direct Quotes.
a. Does not experience a change of sentence from the original source.
b. If there is a part of the sentence that is omitted, use three dots […]
c. If there is an error in the source sentence, the [sic!] symbol is used. For example…. It has an unclear meaning or [sic!]
d. Use APA, MLA, or other system requirements to add citation sources.
2. Indirect Quotations.
a. Experiencing a clear change in the quoted text sentences
b. The ideas, thoughts or opinions quoted do not change
c. Described according to the author’s understanding of the theory or sentence to be quoted
d. There are no quotation marks without double quotes at the end of the sentence
E. Principles of Making Direct and Indirect Quotations
It has become common, when a writer wants to make a scientific work, it is necessary to make quotations from other people’s works. Therefore, the following are some principles for making quotations that need to be understood, either directly or indirectly, including:
1. When making a quote from a work or writing that has misspellings from the source, the thing that can be done is to leave the quote in its original form or as it is. As a person who quotes, he is not allowed to change words or sentences that have misspellings from the original source.
2. When making a quote, someone is allowed to omit some parts of the quote from the original source. This is with the note that changing the part does not make the quote have a different meaning or meaning from the source.
So, here are some tips for you to make it easier when quoting, namely:
– Doing deletion of quotations that are less than one paragraph. It is best to replace deleted portions with three spaced dots.
– Doing deletion of quotations that are less than one paragraph. Deleted portions can be replaced by using three spaced dots along a line, either from the left margin to the right margin.
F. How to Make Direct and Indirect Quotations
Before proceeding to the examples of direct and indirect quotations, in this section you will be explained about how to make direct and indirect quotations. Basically quoting is not only done on books, you can also quote from various writings, such as magazines, newspapers, articles or journals, translations, and so on.
So, here are some ways you can practice making quotes, including:
1. Books
The first way of writing quotations is from books, this method is the method most often used.
a. If the book has one to three authors, the author’s name can be written according to the author’s name in the book followed by a comma. However, if a book has more than three authors, the first author’s name may be continued with the abbreviation et al or and friends.
b. The title of the book is written in italics
c. Book titles accompanied by information, such as subtitles, volumes, editions, are not required to be inserted with commas or periods.
d. Information about the publication may use brackets, including the name of the city accompanied by a colon, the name of the publisher accompanied by a comma and the year. After the closing parentheses, you can continue with a comma.
e. Information about a book can be followed by a word page or can be abbreviated by ‘p’ or ‘h’ and can also be accompanied by Arabic numeral page numbers and ended with a period.
2. Issuance of prominent government, institutions, organizations or bodies.
The second way of writing citations is from publishing institutions or organizations, the order of writing can be used, namely:
a. Institution name
b. Underlined title of publication
c. Data related to issuance, including date, month, and year enclosed in brackets
d. Page number or abbreviated as ‘p.’ or ‘h’
3. Newspapers
The third way of writing quotations is newspapers, the following is the order of writing quotations from newspapers, including:
a. Type of writing or author’s name (if any)
b. News or essay titles
c. Newspaper name
d. Data about publishing
e. section (optional) like, page number, column.
4. Articles in journals
The fourth way to cite is through articles or journals, how to write it, as follows:
a. Author name
b. title of the article enclosed in quotation marks
c. Journal name in italics
d. Volume number, including page number, place, month and year of publication and page number.
5. Translation
How to write a quote from the translation, namely:
a. Author’s real name
b. Original book title or translated title
c. Translator which can be shortened to ‘translated.’,
d. City name ; publisher, year,
e. Page number.
6. Magazine
How to write a quote from a magazine, namely:
a. author Name,
b. Title of the article enclosed in quotation marks,
c. Magazine name in italics (a comma goes before the last quotation mark)
d. Issue number and date
e. Page number.
H. Quotations Benefits
After knowing how to make direct and indirect quotations, this section will explain the benefits of making quotations, including:
a. Demonstrates a higher scientific quality.
b. Shows greater precision and accuracy.
c. Facilitate in assessing the use of data sources.
d. Makes it easy to distinguish library data and additional dependencies.
e. Minimizing the repetition of writing library data.
f. Increase the beauty in writing.
g. Facilitate review related to using references and facilitate editing of manuscripts related to library data.
G. Examples of Direct and Indirect Quotations
1. Example of a Direct Quote
a. In the article Stranger Next Door? Indonesian and Australia in the Asian Century, Lindsey said that the conflicts that occurred between Indonesia and Australia as well as the ignorance of the Indonesian and Australian people about each other made relations between the two countries worse.
b. Public diplomacy is carried out by various countries as a way for countries to relate to individual actors, so that government to people communication is made (Snow, 2009:6).
c. According to Sukawarsini Djelantik, the purpose of diplomacy is to achieve the national interests of the country, so that diplomats will continuously exchange information with other countries or people in other countries (Djelantik, 2012: 14).
d. Argumentation is a form of rhetoric that seeks to influence the attitudes and opinions of other people, so that they believe and ultimately act according to what the writer or speaker wants (Keraf, 1983: 3).
e. According to Gorys Keraf in his book Argumentation and Narration (1983:3), argumentation is a form of rhetoric that seeks to influence the attitudes and opinions of other people, so that they believe and ultimately act according to what the writer or speaker wants.
2. Examples of Indirect Quotations
a. Public diplomacy can improve relations between countries in conflict situations if it is carried out over a long period of time and focuses on individuals in foreign countries
b. 1John H. Brown “American Public Diplomacy in the Cold War”. Georgetown Journal of International Affairs. Vol,6 No, 1. (Winter 2005). 129.
c. According to Nicholas J. Cull, there are five important components for making public diplomacy, one of which is cultural diplomacy or efforts to make cultural resources and state achievements increasingly known abroad2
d. 2 Nicholas J. Cull. Public Diplomacy: Lessons from the Past. (Los Angeles: Figueroa Press 2009). 18.
e. As described by Gorys Keraf (1983:3) that argumentation is basically writing with the aim of influencing the reader’s confidence to believe in the author’s opinion and even want to do what the author says.
f. Many definitions of the meaning of love according to some experts. According to Subroto (2008:16) defines love is a life. According to him life is formed starting with love.